“我們最初的假設(shè)是：不論未成年人還是成年人，女性對罪惡的感知都更強(qiáng)烈，她們對人際關(guān)系的敏感程度也更高?！毖芯控?fù)責(zé)人、西班牙巴斯克地區(qū)大學(xué)研究員伊西婭爾－埃切瓦利亞說。 "Our initial hypothesis was that feelings of guilt are more intense among females, not only among adolescents but also among young and adult women, and they also show the highest scores for interpersonal sensitivity," says Itziar Etxebarria, lead author of the study and a researcher at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU).

該研究刊登在西班牙《西班牙心理學(xué)雜志》上。研究人員對三個(gè)年齡群的360名人展開調(diào)查（156名青少年，96名年輕人和108名成人），詢問他們在什么情況下最有負(fù)罪感。每組被調(diào)查人員的男女人數(shù)均等。同時(shí)，研究人員還用"戴維斯同情關(guān)懷表"測試調(diào)查對象的人際關(guān)系敏感度，并專門編制一套問卷來測試調(diào)查對象在人際間感知負(fù)罪感的能力。 The research, published in the Spanish Journal of Psychology, was carried out using a sample from three age groups (156 teenagers, 96 young people and 108 adults) equally divided between males and females. The team of psychologists asked them what situations most often caused them to feel guilt. They also carried out interpersonal sensitivity tests -- the Davis Empathetic Concern Scale, and a questionnaire on Interpersonal Guilt, created purposely for this study.

研究人員在對比男性和女性對某種行為負(fù)罪感強(qiáng)度高低時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，各年齡組女性得分均大大高于男性?！斑@一現(xiàn)象在40歲至50歲年齡組里尤其突出，”埃切瓦利亞說。 When it came to comparing the measurements of intensity of habitual guilt of these groups, the researchers saw that this score was significantly higher for women, in all three age groups. "This difference is particularly stark in the 40-50-year-old age group," points out Etxebarria.

數(shù)據(jù)顯示，青少年及年輕女性普遍比同年齡男性得分高?！斑@和某些教育實(shí)踐有直接關(guān)系。這些實(shí)踐對女性要求偏多，盡管與大眾信仰相違背，這些實(shí)踐仍被應(yīng)用?！笨茖W(xué)家稱。 The data also suggest that female teenagers and young women have higher scores than males of the same age. "This is caused by certain educational practices, which demand more of females, and which are sometimes still in use despite belief to the contrary," claims the scientist.

與此同時(shí)，研究人員們還發(fā)現(xiàn)了性別差異--與行為負(fù)罪感相似--在兩組人際關(guān)系敏感度數(shù)據(jù)中，在40－50歲年齡組中男性的敏感度接近女性。 The authors also found gender differences -- similar to those noted for habitual guilt -- in the two indices of interpersonal sensitivity, although in the 40-50 age bracket the men's levels came closer to women's.

男性的人際關(guān)系敏感度（尤其是25－33歲的男性）“相對較低”。 The interpersonal sensitivity of men (especially those aged between 25-33) is "comparatively low."

負(fù)罪感的種類 Types of guilt

最常見的負(fù)罪感多因?yàn)樽约旱男袨閷λ嗽斐闪藗?。因此，人們對那些被自己傷害的人產(chǎn)生移情作用也實(shí)屬正常，而這也就讓我們在認(rèn)識到自己為他人帶來痛苦時(shí)產(chǎn)生負(fù)罪感。 The most common forms of guilt are related to situations where we cause harm to others. Stemming from this, it is normal that this arouses feelings of empathy for the people we may have harmed, which tend to turn into feelings of guilt when we recognize that we are responsible for their suffering.

伊西婭爾－埃切瓦利亞此前的一個(gè)調(diào)查分析了人們負(fù)罪感的經(jīng)歷，主要區(qū)分以下兩種情形--深有同感的一方（在某種程度上為被自己傷害的人感到抱歉），另一種就是焦慮不安、咄咄逼人的（不安、侵略型）。 A previous study, also headed by Itziar Etxebarria, analyses people's experiences of guilt, differentiating two components -- one of these being empathetic (sorrow for the person we have harmed in some way) and the other anxious-aggressive (unease and contained aggression).

對那些成長環(huán)境中充滿責(zé)備，以及言行舉止受到嚴(yán)格規(guī)范、特別是侵害的人們來說，后一種負(fù)罪感更常見?！昂苊黠@，這種負(fù)罪感在女性中更為強(qiáng)烈，尤其是年長的女性?！?埃切瓦利亞表示。 The anxious-aggressive kind of guilt is more common in people who have been raised in a more blame-imposing environment, and who are governed by stricter rules about behavior in general and aggression in particular. "It seems obvious that this component will be more intense among women, and especially in older women," says Etxebarria.

在四五十歲群體中，這種負(fù)罪感的增多解釋了該年齡群行為負(fù)罪感強(qiáng)度的明顯區(qū)別?！岸@個(gè)年齡段恰恰是男性人際關(guān)系敏感度接近女性的階段?！彼忉屨f。 The greater presence of this component among women, above all those aged between 40 and 50, explains the marked differences in the intensity of habitual guilt in this age group, "just at the age when males move towards females in the two indices of interpersonal sensitivity analysed," she explains.

“必須通過教育和一系列社交途徑降低女性負(fù)罪感太重的焦慮情緒，同時(shí)提高男性對人際關(guān)系的敏感程度?！卑Ｇ型呃麃喺f。 "Educational practices and a whole range of socialising agents must be used to reduce the trend towards anxious-aggressive guilt among women and to strengthen interpersonal sensitivity among men," concludes the researcher.